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On 4 May 1697, a report described the political situation in Macassar (modern-day Makassar, Indonesia). The text explains the following key events:
The document was written and sealed in Gowa on 4 May 1697.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0781 On 4 May 1697, a report from Makassar described how goods made in Europe and transported by ship arrived safely. These were handed over by an envoy to Governor Isaacq van Tije at Fort Rotterdam.
The Paduka Sri Sultan and his officials later gathered all their subjects to publicly read a respected letter from the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The letter was filled with kindness and favors, and the event was held with great splendor, unlike anything seen before. The sultan and his people were deeply moved by the letter’s warm words, bringing great joy to all in Gowa.
In another report from 4 May 1693, the sultan earnestly requested the VOC to allow his people to reunite with their relatives and rebuild their villages. He also asked for support in improving their livelihoods.
The VOC had inquired about the situation in Bone and Soppeng. The sultan explained that these two kingdoms, along with Wajo, had once been united as the "Three Allied Kingdoms." Each ruled itself but maintained a bond of friendship, symbolized by a memorial stone in Timo Urom. Even the late Raja of Gowa had once governed them with divine favor.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0779 On 4 May 1697, officials in Makassar received an unclear report about unrest involving Soping and three local kings, but the source was unknown. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was confused because a returning messenger had earlier claimed everything was peaceful when leaving Ujung Pandang. The VOC ordered an investigation to confirm the truth before rumors spread to Batavia, which could anger their superiors—especially since Arung Palakka (referred to as Cathagor in the text) had previously acted against Soping in a way that had already caused surprise.
If the report turned out to be false, the protest would be unnecessary. Either way, the VOC insisted Arung Palakka come to Makassar quickly to resolve the issue. Local officials were told to:
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0766 On 4 May 1697, a report from Makassar described an attack on three kings from Soping: Aroe Belo, Aroe Pila, and Aroe Pisoe. They were invited to a hunt in Tenroen but ambushed by armed men from Boni, led by Lieutenant Poane Wandjian. The first two kings were captured, and the third was wounded. The attackers took them to the region of Tiboeroe (or Timoeron). Thirteen defenders from Soping and three from Boni were reportedly killed in the conflict.
The attack was seen as an act of cruelty and abuse of power against Soping. However, confusion arose when a messenger from Boni, Intchie Djenal, returned with a different account. He claimed everything was peaceful in Tiboeroe and that Aroe Belo was unharmed, even dining with Aroe Ponij, the ruler of Boni.
Due to the conflicting reports, officials decided to send two language experts, assisted by Intchie Djenal, a corporal, and six soldiers, to investigate. The local leaders Aroe Tanette Matoe and Aroe Mero provided a boat to transport them to Padang Padang and then overland to Aroe Ponij's location.
Upon arrival, the envoys were to greet Aroe Ponij formally and inform him that the ship Domburgh had arrived safely from Batavia on 4 May 1697, carrying envoys from Boni. These envoys brought letters from the Dutch authorities in Batavia, along with gifts. The envoys were received with honors and expected Aroe Ponij to come to Bontuale to collect the letters and discuss matters with the governor and council.
The envoys were also to address reports about the attack ordered by Dain Mabanij against the three kings of Soping.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0764 On 4 May 1697, a military force from Makassar attacked Soping and, after a fierce battle, conquered the area. Two important leaders, Aroe Solotangan and Tobake, were brutally killed. Afterward, the king of Soping sent a protest through the Dutch East India Company’s interpreter and later appeared in person following a formal invitation. He asked for forgiveness, but the decision was left pending approval from the leaders in Batavia. The Company insisted he avoid such violent actions in the future.
The situation became more urgent because Goa had recently been threatened by Aroe Ponij from Boni. The government of Goa sought protection from the Company, which promised support in case of an attack. This increased Aroe Ponij’s hostility but also gave the Company a chance to regain influence over time—if Aroe Ponij did not remain peaceful.
In March 1697, Aroe Ponij learned his elderly father, Pakka Koija, was seriously ill in Negorije Boege. To see him before he died, Aroe Ponij requested leave on 23 March and immediately departed. The next day, news arrived of his father’s death. Following a council decision on 25 March, a traditional mourning gift of 12 pieces of white cloth was sent to him.
Eight days before the report, Aroe Ponij had summoned one of his key warriors, Captain Boeloe Boeloe (also called Cito), from Bontuale. Then, on 4 May, Dain Mabanij (also known as Tohane), a prince of Soping, visited the governor with some Makassar nobles. He revealed that Aroe Ponij had left him behind to accompany the widowed queen of Boni. Two days earlier, he had received an urgent letter from the queen summoning him to Boni for discussions. Fearful this was a plot against his life, he requested the Company’s protection, which was granted the same day.
Soon after, Dain Mabanij returned with new information from a Soping man named Torappa, who reported that Aroe Ponij had summoned his warriors five days earlier (on 3 May).
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0762 On 4 May 1697, a report from Makassar discussed several administrative and legal matters involving the Dutch presence in the region.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0758 On 4 May 1697, a ship named Domburgh sailed from Macassar carrying several people and financial documents. The documents included:
The following passengers were on board:
Additionally, the following groups were on board:
The trumpeter Jaspar van Stakenburg was also mentioned.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0756 On 4 May 1697, a report from Makassar discussed military and financial matters under the Dutch administration.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0754 On 4 May 1697, officials in Makassar settled accounts and handed over administrative duties. The following changes were made:
All newly appointed officials expressed gratitude for their promotions and promised to perform their duties faithfully.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0752 On 4 May 1697, a report from Makassar discussed the harvest and purchase of green kadjang (a type of legume). Due to strong southeast winds, ships were ordered to anchor below De Drie Gebroeders (The Three Brothers) until fully loaded, but no later than 20 May, before continuing to Batavia.
The green kadjang crop in the Buginese highlands had failed badly for the second time because heavy rain washed away or ruined most of the seeds. The Dutch had already given the widow of the first Buginese queen 200 rijksdaalders (Dutch guilders) to secure 20 loads at 10 rijksdaalders per load. A sergeant in Bulukumba was also ordered to secure 30 loads at the same price. However, only about 12 loads were received from the Buginese region, and just 3 loads from Bulukumba, where around 50 loads of rice also remained. The lack of small boats (chialoupen) made it impossible to collect the grain, as the assigned boats had not yet arrived.
The Dutch hoped to transport the kadjang with local boats before the Boswijck ship left. They planned to secure another 50 loads, expecting a better harvest next season.
Additionally, senior merchant Mattheus Schenckenbergh thanked the authorities for his promotion and received permission to temporarily transfer duties to Hendrick Steenkop (a merchant and fiscal officer) and Arnoldus Moll (an assistant merchant and designated garrison bookkeeper) while waiting for his replacement, Pieter de Bock from Amboina. After Steenkop handed over the cloth shop and small cash register to Joannes Hackart, the transfer of cash, the trading warehouse, and the main dispensary under the church was completed. Schenckenbergh finalized the business books by the end of March.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0750 On 4 May 1697, officials in Makassar reported on efforts to salvage goods from a shipwreck and transport them to Banda using the sloops Waijer and Ceram. They noted the following key points:
The officials justified their changes to original orders, citing unforeseen circumstances beyond their control.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0748 On 4 May 1697, a report from Makassar described the situation of the shipwrecked Zilversteijn. The ship had crashed, but most valuable items had already been saved. These included:
The items were listed in an attached document, but it was still unclear which goods belonged to the ship and which were meant for Banda. The condition of some items was also unknown and would be checked later.
The report noted that the Zilversteijn was not in immediate danger during the current southeast monsoon season but might not survive the first northwest storm. Meanwhile, the small ship Boswijck and borrowed boats could not risk going near the wreck due to the danger of being driven off course or meeting an accident.
Instead, a small sloop (a type of boat) that was only 10 to 12 feet deep would be sent to recover more items once it was ready. The ship’s carpenter had already found a safe anchoring spot for it.
Out of 214 people on board the Zilversteijn, the soldiers and sailors had first built a raft from beams, oars, and planks. 105 people climbed onto it and tried to reach the shore with a small boat leading the way. However, they would not have made it without the ship’s carpenter, who met them at sea with small boats. Many were half-submerged in the water due to the raft’s weight, so most were transferred to the boats. Around 25 people reached the Bay of Bankala on the south coast of the land on the raft. The wood from the raft was pulled ashore by skipper Theunis Ros and would later be picked up with a suitable boat (which they did not yet have).
Out of 100 soldiers meant for Banda, 96 arrived safely at the local garrison. They had traveled partly on a sloop owned by a Chinese captain named Ongwatko, partly on small boats, and partly overland. The group included:
4 soldiers were missing and reported to have died on the Zilversteijn. Many of the soldiers had fallen ill during the ordeal but most had recovered.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0746 On 4 May 1697, a letter and gift were collected for Radja Goa in Maccassar. His reply, along with 3 enslaved people, was sent back to the ship on 11 May. The messengers returned on 28 May, reporting that the earlier story (likely a complaint or accusation) was entirely false and exaggerated. Officials confirmed this on 15 May when Mabanij handed over a man named Torappa, chained for lying. Additional witnesses—Aroe Tenette Matoa and Aroe Mero—were sent on 20 May, but Torappa refused to speak. He was kept imprisoned until Aroe Ponij (expected back daily from Chinrana) could return to punish him.
Radja Goa received a letter and gift from Dutch authorities with great respect on 9 April. His reply, written in the Maccassarse and Malay languages, arrived on 2 May, accompanied by two elderly enslaved men and one enslaved Papuan woman as gifts. These were delivered to Domburgh on 3 May and handed to the ship’s captain, Evert T, for the Dutch officials.
Unusually harsh storms during the recent monsoon season (late 1696–early 1697) destroyed 7 or 8 local and Chinese ships near Maccassar, though most crews survived. Among the losses was a Dutch ship, the Bril, which sank between 29 and 30 March, along with its cargo, including silver stones meant for Banda. The storm’s severity was described as unprecedented in living memory.
Radja Goa had not yet shared the full contents of the Dutch letter with the governor, breaking past tradition. This change caused some tension in Bonij, though officials downplayed its significance. Another letter and gift for Aroe Ponij remained with the governor until his return.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0743 On 4 May 1697, a report from Makassar described the tense situation in Goa, which had prepared its defenses due to political conflicts. Aroe Ponij had left for Bugis because his father, Packa Koija, was seriously ill. The Dutch officials hoped their actions would be understood or at least forgiven, as they aimed to prevent greater unrest. Without intervention, Goa risked severe damage.
Aroe Ponij had arrived at the fortress on 8 March 1697 with a large group, requesting permission to visit his dying father in Bugis. The governor allowed his departure but refused his additional request for the first queen, Dain Talalille, to attend the funeral, citing her old age and the governor’s protective rights over her.
Upon hearing of his father’s death, the Dutch sent a traditional gift of 12 pieces of white cloth (lijwaat) via their Malay scribe, Intche Djenal. Meanwhile, Dain Mabanij, a prince from Soping (who had stayed in Bontuale), arrived on 4 April and urgently requested Dutch protection. He feared Aroe Ponij, who had summoned him to Soping for unclear reasons. The Dutch council granted his request on 5 March, allowing him to stay in Goa.
On 8 April, shocking news arrived: Aroe Ponij had imprisoned three minor kings from Belo, Pila, and Pisij. The Dutch sent Abraham Holscher (assistant merchant) and Pieter Pietersz (flag bearer) on 9 April to investigate and protest if the reports were confirmed.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0741 The text from 4 May 1697 describes ongoing tensions between the kingdoms of Boni and Gowa in Macassar (modern-day Makassar, Indonesia). Here’s a summary of the key points:
The text also addresses criticism from another Dutch official (referred to as "uw Edelheden," or "Your Honors") in a letter dated 5 March 1697:
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0739 On 4 May 1697, officials in Makassar reported to the Dutch council about the fall of Goa, which they believed could have been prevented. The people of Makassar expressed fear of an attack by the Buginese (people from Bone). The local ruler, Aroe Ponij, along with other nobles and two queen widows, thanked the Dutch East India Company (VOC) repeatedly for their pardon, reaffirming earlier promises of loyalty.
The VOC believed this show of gratitude maintained their authority and prevented further unrest—or even the complete ruin of Goa. The kingdom had been threatened by conflicts tied to the Buginese claims that the Makassares, particularly Radja Goa, were plotting to restore the exiled king To-isa (his brother-in-law) in the kingdom of Soping. Though the people of Goa had hinted at these concerns earlier (as recorded on 12, 15, and 22 November), they did so vaguely. A trusted source later revealed that Aroe Ponij had secretly warned Radja Goa through his nephew, Crain Bontolankas, that he was strengthening his position in Pamanjingan (a region inland behind Goa) and would join Radja Goa if needed.
Despite Goa's complaints, their fear of attack persisted. They even requested Dutch soldiers for protection (noted on 24 December of the previous year). Tensions grew when Aroe Ponij, in a meeting with the governor on 25 February, accused Goa of sending Crain Bonto Monompo to Bone to persuade Crain Toerongan to rebel. He presented a letter—written on palm leaves by Crain Toerongan's wife to Aroe Tanette Matoea—as proof. Though upset, the governor and council advised caution, urging Aroe Ponij not to jump to conclusions. When pressed, the governor refused to name the accuser, fearing it would escalate tensions further.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0737 On 4 May 1697, a report from Makassar detailed the state of affairs among local allies, particularly focusing on tensions with the kingdom of Boni and the actions of Aroe Ponij (also called Aru Palaka). The report highlighted ongoing conflicts since October 1696, when Aroe Ponij had attacked the kingdom of Sopingh (also Suppa).
The report also mentioned unresolved discussions about the kingdom of Tambora, though time constraints prevented further decisions on that matter.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0735 On 4 May 1693, a report from Makassar mentioned that Aroe Teko and Crain Jersmika remained on the island of Sumbawa against the wishes of their kings and the Dutch commanders. The area near Tambora had suffered greatly from war, with the land exhausted and many people scattered due to hunger. Despite this, Aroe Teko and Crain Jersmika stayed, claiming they had reasons similar to those in a letter sent from Lunn on 20 April to the governor.
The letter stated that Turelij Baramboe and Turelij Gampo (said to be uncles or brothers of the Raja of Tambora) had come with 80 men to join the Dutch and settle in Sumbawa. They accused these men of spreading lies. The letter also noted that 17 cannons had been captured:
Another report from Makassar on 4 May 1697 mentioned that the Raja of Goa had sent a ship to Sumbawa without specifying the type or size of cannons. The ship was to wait for the governor’s orders, but the report only discussed large cannons, as the Raja of Goa knew the Sumbawa contracts were exclusively for the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
The kings of Boni and Goa were frustrated that their subjects were not fully obeying their commands and sought the VOC's authority to enforce compliance. The Raja of Goa sent a servant, Dain Madjene, to Sumbawa on 2 May to check on Crain Sevenika and encourage Crain Pomelikan to return. The servant was to report back in writing, which would then be forwarded to the Dutch officials.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0733
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0731 On 4 May 1697, officials in Makassar sent a letter to Governor-General Willem van Outhoorn and the Council of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia. They reported receiving two letters from Batavia: one from 29 December (arrived 15 January) via the yacht Boswijk, and another from 5 March (arrived 3 April) via the ship Domburgh.
The letter served as a guide for the Domburgh, which was sent ahead of the Boswijk to sail back via Tagal (Manila). It also provided a brief update on key events, focusing on the island of Sumbawa.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0729 On 4 May 1697, a list of documents was sent from Makassar aboard the ship Domburgh, addressed to Willem van Outhoorn, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies in Batavia, and the Council of the Dutch East Indies. The documents included:
The documents were signed in Makassar at Fort Rotterdam by Jacob Cuijcq van Mijrop, the secretary.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0727 On 14 February 1697, a report was translated from Malay by Wan Muhammad and presented to Willem van Outhoorn, the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. The report detailed political conflicts in the kingdom of Soping (also called Suppa), as shared by a traveler named Tohamis from Makassar.
Tohamis shared this information with Wan Muhammad while still in Makassar and left Batavia on 2 February 1697.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0725
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0723 On 4 May 1697, a financial report from Makassar (in the Rotterdam Castle) was settled, including expenses for Domburg totaling ƒ414. Most of these costs were for Opperkoopman Schenckenberg and Coopman Caas.
The letter was signed by:
A note explained that Underkoopman Abraham Holscher and Vaandrager Pieter Pietersz should follow instructions for dealing with Aroe Ponij in Boni.
The reason for this report was the death of the old king of Boni on 6 April 1696. The current king, then called Aroe Palacca (or Lapatauw), was named successor with the support of the Aroe Pitoes (electors). Though the Dutch East India Company (VOC) had not originally planned this, they accepted it for peace, hoping the new king would seek good advice. He was crowned in Boni on 6 October 1696 with the VOC’s approval.
However, conflicts arose when Soping rejected Queen Regent Trowatoe and reinstated her brother, the deposed king To-Isa. This led to tensions, and the new king, Aroe Ponij, soon faced war.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0760 On 4 April 1697, a letter was written from the Castle Rotterdam in Makassar by officials including Isaac van Thije (governor and director), Mattheus Schenckenberg, Hendrick Steenkop, Pieter Schipion, Arnoldus Moll, and Joannes Hakkert. They instructed someone (likely a merchant or envoy) to return quickly and provide a truthful written report about their mission. This report was needed so the officials could properly advise their superiors ("welgemelte haar Edelheden"). The letter ended with well-wishes and was signed by the group.
The document was later verified on 4 May 1697 by Iacob Cuijk van Mijerop, the secretary, who confirmed its accuracy.
Attached to the letter was a report by Abraham Holscher (a junior merchant, or "onderkoopman") and Pieter Pietersz (an ensign, or "vaandrig"). They described their encounters and activities during their journey by sea, land, freshwater lake ("Verse-meir"), and river.
View transcript NL-HaNA / 1.04.02 / 1595 / 0768 Find your ancestors and publish your family tree on Genealogy Online via https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/